Postural Control Exam 3 Practice

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• Which input is primarily responsible for providing head motion and gravity/orientation relative to the body?
• Center of Mass (CoM) is defined as which?
• In CTSIB, no visual input is present in which condition?
• In CTSIB condition 4, which sense is inaccurate?
• Reactive postural control is defined as responses to perturbations that are
• Which sense do older adults typically rely on the most for postural stability?
• What is the clinical purpose of estimating limit of stability using forward reach tests or computerized posturography?
• During balance training, if the individual primarily relies on somatosensory input, which cue should be emphasized for correction?
• What is the effect of fatigue on postural control and sway metrics?
• What are synergies in postural control?
• If someone is unable to reweigh sensory inputs, what is a possible result?
• What are the three phases of feedforward control?
• In sensory condition 2 of CTSIB, which senses are providing accurate/inaccurate information?
• Performing balance testing on a foam surface principally degrades proprioceptive input from the feet, causing greater reliance on what cues for balance?
• Describe sensory reweighting when one sensory input becomes unreliable (e.g., eyes closed on a moving platform).
• During long-latency postural responses, which brain structures contribute to coordinating corrective actions?
• What are anticipatory postural adjustments (APAs) and provide an example during gait initiation?
• An example of change in support strategies to recover balance?
• In CTSIB condition 5, which senses provide accurate information?
• Examples of fixed support strategies to recover balance?
• What is postural tone?
• In CTSIB condition 6, which senses provide accurate information?
• Which factor determines the location of the center of mass?
• Which set of senses contributes to postural control?
• In CTSIB condition 4, which senses provide accurate information for balance?
• What is sensory augmentation and how is it used in balance rehab?
• What does sensory reweighting refer to in postural control testing?
• Which sensory conditions are performed on an unstable surface in CTSIB?
• Limits of Stability describe what?
• Which trio greatly influences postural control?
• Which component directly transmits motor commands from the brain to the muscles?
• What is the margin of stability (MoS) in clinical balance assessment?
• Increasing the base of support primarily affects which of the following?
• Which statement best defines postural stability?
• Which statement best describes conscious and nonconscious processing in anticipatory control?
• Which muscle group is used in the hip strategy during forward sway?
• When perturbations are large and recovery relies on moving the base of support, which strategy is primarily engaged?
• What are the two broad categories of strategies to recover balance?
• Which option expresses the correct combination for learning a new activity: which sensory input you rely on and how to teach?
• Which are common observable signs of impaired postural stability during a single-leg stance?
• What is pre-motor planning in the context of gait initiation and APAs?
• What is the primary role of neck proprioceptors in balance control?
• Explain ankle, hip, and stepping strategies and when each is typically used during perturbations.
• Which sequence correctly describes the three phases of feedforward control?
• Base of Support (BoS) is defined as which of the following?
• Which example best illustrates anticipatory postural adjustments?
• Which muscle group is used in the hip strategy during backward sway?
• During forward sway, which EMG pattern best describes the ankle strategy?
• In stroke rehabilitation, which target is used to address asymmetric weight bearing?
• In reactive postural control, which processing sequence is most accurate?
• Under a large perturbation or when ankle stability is limited, which postural strategy is typically engaged?
• What is the typical normative forward reach distance for healthy older adults on the Functional Reach Test?
• Which COP metric describes the total area swept by the center of pressure during a balance task?
• Which of the following is not a fixed support strategy?
• Which statement best describes how motor execution is carried out?
• What is postural orientation?
• Which test assesses dynamic balance during gait with obstacles and turning and is sensitive to fall risk?
• What does the Berg Balance Scale primarily assess and what is a common cutoff indicating lower fall risk?
• Which statement correctly differentiates anticipatory postural adjustments from reflexive balance corrections?
• Which set comprises the primary sensory perceptions contributing to postural control?
• When is a change in support strategy typically triggered?
• Which COP trajectory metric describes the magnitude and speed of corrective actions?
• Reactive postural muscle activation is based on which type of control?
• What does the Functional Reach Test measure and what are typical normative values for healthy older adults?
• Define center of mass (COM) and center of pressure (COP) and explain why their relationship matters for stance control.
• Why are stepping responses crucial during large perturbations or near the edge of the base of support?
• Which clinical tests assess dynamic balance during turning and obstacle negotiation?
• List the three postural strategies and one EMG pattern that differentiates them.
• Which is a fixed support strategy?
• Step preparation involves planning where to place the stepping foot; how does perturbation magnitude affect step length?
• In vestibular loss, which balance assessment tasks are most sensitive to impairment during dynamic activities that include head movements and directional changes?
• Which statement about anticipatory postural control relative to other postural control is true?
• On foam or compliant surfaces, proprioceptive input is reduced and which balance strategies become more prominent?
• Center of Gravity (CoG) is defined as which?
• In CTSIB condition 6, which senses provide inaccurate information?
• Which neural circuits are involved in gait initiation and associated anticipatory postural adjustments (APAs)?
• During what types of activities do you observe ankle strategies?
• Which sequence describes processing in anticipatory postural control?
• In clinical practice, what is a common TUG cutoff that indicates higher fall risk in older adults?
• Which best describes anticipatory postural control?
• What is postural control?
• Which statement about sensory augmentation in balance rehabilitation is accurate?
• What occurs in the action phase of feedforward control?
• Name a standard clinical gait measure sensitive to balance changes and what it quantifies.
• What is the primary difference between anticipatory postural adjustments (APAs) and compensatory postural adjustments (CPAs), and when does each occur during a voluntary movement?
• In CTSIB condition 6, which senses provide inaccurate information?
• Which are the three types of postural control?
• Anticipatory postural control relies on planned adjustments to which body parameters?
• Which strategies help minimize dual-task interference in older adults during balance training?
• Name the three primary sensory systems used for postural control and the main input each provides.
• Which category does stepping strategy belong to?
• In the preparatory phase, which statement best describes?
• What defines the base of support in standing balance?
• Which function best describes the cerebellum's role in postural control?
• In balance analysis, the margin of stability is often calculated using data from which trajectories?
• During the ankle strategy in forward sway, which set of muscles is engaged?
• How do vestibular disorders typically affect postural control and compensations?
• If base of support increases, what happens to the limits of stability?
• Which neural structures and pathways are primarily involved in rapid postural responses to perturbations (short-latency and long-latency).
• What are typical postural control deficits seen in Parkinson's disease during quiet stance and movement initiation?
• Which sense is consistently accurate across CTSIB conditions 4, 5, and 6?
• How many sensory systems need to be working to maintain your balance?
• Which measure is primarily associated with quiet stance static balance?
• What is the main advantage of using the miniBESTest in clinical practice?
• Under postural threat, which of the following is commonly observed in healthy individuals?
• In response to a forward sway, which muscle groups are activated as part of the ankle strategy?
• If someone has increased demand of stability or decreased sensory input, what happens to the demands for attention on postural control?
• Reactive postural control refers to which behavior?
• In sensory condition 1 of CTSIB, which senses are providing accurate/inaccurate information?
• Which statement about CTSIB is true?
• How do static balance tests differ from dynamic balance tests in terms of ecological validity?
• The Functional Reach Test interpretation: lower reach indicates what?
• How does the timing of an automatic step compare to a voluntary step?
• How can perturbation training be designed to maximize transfer to daily activities?
• What is the role of anticipatory postural adjustments (APAs) in gait initiation?
• Which processing type corresponds to nonconscious responses in postural control?
• During dual-task tests, do older individuals and those with neurologic impairments prioritize postural control or the task?
• What is the limit of stability (LOS), and how is it used clinically to assess balance?
• What is feedforward control?
• Hip strategies are typically observed under which conditions?
• In gait initiation, anticipatory postural adjustments are coordinated by brainstem networks along with which cortical area?
• What are the two broad purposes for which we need postural control?
• Which statement about automatic versus voluntary stepping is true?
• Which sensory conditions are performed on a solid surface in CTSIB?
• Why test postural control under multiple sensory conditions (eyes open/closed, surface type, etc.)?
• Reactive postural control is maintained by which mechanism?
• CTSIB stands for what?
• Which sequence best describes the nervous system involvement in steady state postural control?
• What occurs in the compensatory phase of feedforward control?
• How do age-related changes typically affect postural control?
• In a backward sway, which muscle groups comprise the ankle strategy?
• In sensory condition 3 of CTSIB, which senses are providing accurate/inaccurate information?
• Why is dual-task training used in balance rehabilitation?
• Which term describes the center of distribution of total force applied to the supporting surface?
• Which statement characterizes steady state postural control?
• When older individuals and those with neurologic impairments prioritize the task during dual-task testing, what happens to postural control?
• Which condition is a trigger for changing balance strategy?
• Center of Pressure (CoP) is defined as which of the following?
• During dual-task tests, do younger individuals prioritize postural control or the secondary task?
• What is an example of a perturbation in perturbation-based balance training (PBT)?
• When one sensory input becomes unreliable (for example, eyes closed on a moving platform), which of the following best describes the CNS response?
• What is the concept of postural threat and its effect on balance in healthy individuals?
• Anticipatory postural muscle activation is based on which type of control?
• In CTSIB condition 5, which sense is inaccurate?
• What clinical insight does CTSIB provide for treatment planning?
• What is the primary aim of perturbation-based balance training (PBT)?
• Under which perturbation characteristics is stepping strategy more likely to be used?
• What forward reach distance is typically associated with low fall risk in older adults?
• What are the two ways to change in support strategies?
• Limits of Stability (LoS) are boundaries in which CoP can be without losing balance or changing BoS. Which option best reflects this definition?
• Reactive postural control is primarily conscious or nonconscious?
• Dynamic Gait Index assesses what aspect of gait?
• What does sensory integration refer to in postural control?
• How do sway velocity and sway amplitude provide different insights into postural control?
• What does the Timed Up and Go test evaluate, and what is a typical cutoff indicating higher fall risk?
• Which statement best describes the Berg Balance Scale’s applicability to different populations?
• Reactive postural control is defined as responses to perturbations that are
• Which CTSIB condition removes visual input while testing balance on a stable surface?
• How do BESTest and miniBESTest differ from the Berg Balance Scale in what they assess?
• When someone is familiar with an activity, which input do they respond to more quickly to corrections?
• What is the primary benefit of using synergies in postural control?
• Which statement correctly differentiates static sway measures from reactive balance measures?
• How many balance constructs does the miniBESTest assess?
• How does surface stability influence the choice of balance strategy during perturbation?
• Explain sensory reweighting on foam surface with eyes closed vs eyes open.
• During the ankle strategy in backward sway, which set of muscles is engaged?
• Which of the following is a type of processing that can occur in postural control?
• What is the purpose of the clinical test of sensory interaction on balance (CTSIB)?
• Which of the following is NOT a typical change in support strategy?
• Is it possible to multi-task?
• Is anticipatory postural control conscious or nonconscious processing?
• Which balance constructs are evaluated by BESTest and miniBESTest that are not captured by a single global score test?
• What does sensory reweighting mean?
• Explain the floor and ceiling effects of the Berg Balance Scale and their implications for use in different populations.
• Reactive postural corrections rely on which control mechanism?
• Anticipatory postural control involves what?
• Which processing type corresponds to conscious responses such as cognition, attention, and planning?
• How is steady state postural control maintained?
• What is postural stability?
• What is feedback control in the context of posture?